BooleanCircuit.cpp

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/**
 * @file BooleanCircuit.cpp
 * @brief Boolean circuit implementation and evaluation algorithms.
 *
 * Implements the methods declared in @c BooleanCircuit.h, including:
 * - Gate management (@c addGate, @c setGate, @c setInfo, @c setProb).
 * - Probability evaluation algorithms: possible worlds, Monte Carlo,
 *   WeightMC, independent evaluation.
 * - Knowledge compilation: @c compilation() (external tools),
 *   @c interpretAsDD() (direct from circuit structure),
 *   @c makeDD() (dispatcher).
 * - @c rewriteMultivaluedGates(): replaces MULVAR/MULIN clusters with
 *   standard AND/OR/NOT circuits.
 * - @c Tseytin(): DIMACS/weighted CNF generation for model counters.
 * - @c exportCircuit(): serialisation in the @c tdkc text format.
 * - @c toString(): human-readable gate description.
 *
 * In the standalone @c tdkc build (when @c TDKC is defined) a lightweight
 * @c elog() stub replaces the PostgreSQL error-reporting function.
 */
#include "BooleanCircuit.h"
#include "Circuit.hpp"
#include <type_traits>
 
extern "C" {
#include <unistd.h>
#include <math.h>
}
 
#include <cassert>
#include <string>
#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <stack>
 
#include <boost/archive/text_oarchive.hpp>
#include <boost/archive/text_iarchive.hpp>
 
#include "dDNNFTreeDecompositionBuilder.h"
 
// "provsql_utils.h"
#ifdef TDKC
constexpr bool provsql_interrupted = false;
constexpr int provsql_verbose = 0;
enum levels {ERROR, NOTICE};
#define elog(level, ...) {fprintf(stderr, __VA_ARGS__); if(level==ERROR) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}
#else
extern "C" {
#include "provsql_utils.h"
#include "utils/elog.h"
}
#endif
#include "provsql_error.h"
 
gate_t BooleanCircuit::setGate(BooleanGate type)
{
  auto id = Circuit::setGate(type);
  if(type == BooleanGate::IN) {
    setProb(id,1.);
    inputs.insert(id);
  } else if(type == BooleanGate::MULIN) {
    mulinputs.insert(id);
  }
  return id;
}
 
gate_t BooleanCircuit::setGate(const uuid &u, BooleanGate type)
{
  auto id = Circuit::setGate(u, type);
  if(type == BooleanGate::IN) {
    setProb(id,1.);
    inputs.insert(id);
  } else if(type == BooleanGate::MULIN) {
    mulinputs.insert(id);
  }
  return id;
}
 
gate_t BooleanCircuit::setGate(const uuid &u, BooleanGate type, double p)
{
  auto id = setGate(u, type);
  if(std::isnan(p))
    p=1.;
  setProb(id,p);
  return id;
}
 
gate_t BooleanCircuit::setGate(BooleanGate type, double p)
{
  auto id = setGate(type);
  if(std::isnan(p))
    p=1.;
  setProb(id,p);
  return id;
}
 
gate_t BooleanCircuit::addGate()
{
  auto id=Circuit::addGate();
  prob.push_back(1);
  return id;
}
 
std::string BooleanCircuit::toString(gate_t g) const
{
  std::string op;
  std::string result;
 
  switch(getGateType(g)) {
  case BooleanGate::IN:
    return "x"+to_string(g);
  case BooleanGate::MULIN:
    return "{" + to_string(*getWires(g).begin()) + "=" + std::to_string(getInfo(g)) + "}[" + std::to_string(getProb(g)) + "]";
  case BooleanGate::NOT:
    op="¬";
    break;
  case BooleanGate::UNDETERMINED:
    op="?";
    break;
  case BooleanGate::AND:
    op="∧";
    break;
  case BooleanGate::OR:
    op="∨";
    break;
  case BooleanGate::MULVAR:
    ;   // already dealt with in MULIN
  }
 
  if(getWires(g).empty()) {
    if(getGateType(g)==BooleanGate::AND)
      return "⊤";
    else if(getGateType(g)==BooleanGate::OR)
      return "⊥";
    else return op;
  }
 
  for(auto s: getWires(g)) {
    if(getGateType(g)==BooleanGate::NOT)
      result = op;
    else if(!result.empty())
      result+=" "+op+" ";
    result+=toString(s);
  }
 
  return "("+result+")";
}
 
std::string BooleanCircuit::exportCircuit(gate_t root) const
{
  std::stringstream ss;
 
  std::unordered_set<gate_t> processed;
  std::stack<gate_t> to_process;
  to_process.push(root);
 
  while(!to_process.empty()) {
    auto g=to_process.top();
    to_process.pop();
 
    if(processed.find(g)!=processed.end())
      continue;
 
    ss << g << " ";
 
    switch(getGateType(g)) {
    case BooleanGate::IN:
      ss << "IN " << getProb(g);
      break;
 
    case BooleanGate::NOT:
      ss << "NOT " << getWires(g)[0];
      break;
 
    case BooleanGate::AND:
      ss << "AND";
 
      for(auto s:getWires(g))
        ss << " " << s;
      break;
 
    case BooleanGate::OR:
      ss << "OR";
 
      for(auto s:getWires(g))
        ss << " " << s;
      break;
 
    case BooleanGate::MULVAR:
    case BooleanGate::MULIN:
    case BooleanGate::UNDETERMINED:
      assert(false);   // not done
    }
 
    ss << "\n";
 
    for(auto s: getWires(g)) {
      if(processed.find(s)==processed.end())
        to_process.push(s);
    }
 
    processed.insert(g);
  }
 
  return ss.str();
}
 
bool BooleanCircuit::evaluate(gate_t g, const std::unordered_set<gate_t> &sampled) const
{
  bool disjunction=false;
 
  switch(getGateType(g)) {
  case BooleanGate::IN:
    return sampled.find(g)!=sampled.end();
  case BooleanGate::MULIN:
  case BooleanGate::MULVAR:
    throw CircuitException("Monte-Carlo sampling not implemented on multivalued inputs");
  case BooleanGate::NOT:
    return !evaluate(*(getWires(g).begin()), sampled);
  case BooleanGate::AND:
    disjunction = false;
    break;
  case BooleanGate::OR:
    disjunction = true;
    break;
  case BooleanGate::UNDETERMINED:
    throw CircuitException("Incorrect gate type");
  }
 
  for(auto s: getWires(g)) {
    bool e = evaluate(s, sampled);
    if(disjunction && e)
      return true;
    if(!disjunction && !e)
      return false;
  }
 
  if(disjunction)
    return false;
  else
    return true;
}
 
double BooleanCircuit::monteCarlo(gate_t g, unsigned samples) const
{
  auto success{0u};
 
  for(unsigned i=0; i<samples; ++i) {
    std::unordered_set<gate_t> sampled;
    for(auto in: inputs) {
      if(rand() *1. / RAND_MAX < getProb(in)) {
        sampled.insert(in);
      }
    }
 
    if(evaluate(g, sampled))
      ++success;
 
    if(provsql_interrupted)
      throw CircuitException("Interrupted after "+std::to_string(i+1)+" samples");
  }
 
  return success*1./samples;
}
 
double BooleanCircuit::possibleWorlds(gate_t g) const
{
  if(inputs.size()>=8*sizeof(unsigned long long))
    throw CircuitException("Too many possible worlds to iterate over");
 
  unsigned long long nb=(1<<inputs.size());
  double totalp=0.;
 
  for(unsigned long long i=0; i < nb; ++i) {
    std::unordered_set<gate_t> s;
    double p = 1;
 
    unsigned j=0;
    for(gate_t in : inputs) {
      if(i & (1 << j)) {
        s.insert(in);
        p*=getProb(in);
      } else {
        p*=1-getProb(in);
      }
      ++j;
    }
 
    if(evaluate(g, s))
      totalp+=p;
 
    if(provsql_interrupted)
      throw CircuitException("Interrupted");
  }
 
  return totalp;
}
 
std::string BooleanCircuit::Tseytin(gate_t g, bool display_prob=false) const {
  std::vector<std::vector<int> > clauses;
 
  // Tseytin transformation
  for(gate_t i{0}; i<gates.size(); ++i) {
    switch(getGateType(i)) {
    case BooleanGate::AND:
    {
      int id{static_cast<int>(i)+1};
      std::vector<int> c = {id};
      for(auto s: getWires(i)) {
        clauses.push_back({-id, static_cast<int>(s)+1});
        c.push_back(-static_cast<int>(s)-1);
      }
      clauses.push_back(c);
      break;
    }
 
    case BooleanGate::OR:
    {
      int id{static_cast<int>(i)+1};
      std::vector<int> c = {-id};
      for(auto s: getWires(i)) {
        clauses.push_back({id, -static_cast<int>(s)-1});
        c.push_back(static_cast<int>(s)+1);
      }
      clauses.push_back(c);
    }
    break;
 
    case BooleanGate::NOT:
    {
      int id=static_cast<int>(i)+1;
      auto s=*getWires(i).begin();
      clauses.push_back({-id,-static_cast<int>(s)-1});
      clauses.push_back({id,static_cast<int>(s)+1});
      break;
    }
 
    case BooleanGate::MULIN:
      throw CircuitException("Multivalued inputs should have been removed by then.");
    case BooleanGate::MULVAR:
    case BooleanGate::IN:
    case BooleanGate::UNDETERMINED:
      ;
    }
  }
  clauses.push_back({(int)g+1});
 
  int fd;
  char cfilename[] = "/tmp/provsqlXXXXXX";
  fd = mkstemp(cfilename);
  close(fd);
 
  std::string filename=cfilename;
  std::ofstream ofs(filename.c_str());
 
  ofs << "p cnf " << gates.size() << " " << clauses.size() << "\n";
 
  for(unsigned i=0; i<clauses.size(); ++i) {
    for(int x : clauses[i]) {
      ofs << x << " ";
    }
    ofs << "0\n";
  }
  if(display_prob) {
    for(gate_t in: inputs) {
      ofs << "w " << (static_cast<std::underlying_type<gate_t>::type>(in)+1) << " " << getProb(in) << "\n";
      ofs << "w -" << (static_cast<std::underlying_type<gate_t>::type>(in)+1) << " " << (1. - getProb(in)) << "\n";
    }
  }
 
  ofs.close();
 
  return filename;
}
 
dDNNF BooleanCircuit::compilation(gate_t g, std::string compiler) const {
  std::string filename=BooleanCircuit::Tseytin(g);
  std::string outfilename=filename+".nnf";
 
  if(provsql_verbose>=20) {
    provsql_notice("Tseytin circuit in %s", filename.c_str());
  }
 
  bool new_d4 {false};
  std::string cmdline=compiler+" ";
  if(compiler=="d4") {
    cmdline+="-dDNNF "+filename+" -out="+outfilename;
    new_d4 = true;
  } else if(compiler=="c2d") {
    cmdline+="-in "+filename+" -silent";
  } else if(compiler=="minic2d") {
    cmdline+="-in "+filename;
  } else if(compiler=="dsharp") {
    cmdline+="-q -Fnnf "+outfilename+" "+filename;
  } else {
    throw CircuitException("Unknown compiler '"+compiler+"'");
  }
 
  int retvalue=system(cmdline.c_str());
 
  if(retvalue && compiler=="d4") {
    // Temporary support for older version of d4
    new_d4 = false;
    cmdline = "d4 "+filename+" -out="+outfilename;
    retvalue=system(cmdline.c_str());
  }
 
  if(retvalue)
    throw CircuitException("Error executing "+compiler);
 
  if(provsql_verbose<20) {
    if(unlink(filename.c_str())) {
      throw CircuitException("Error removing "+filename);
    }
  }
 
  std::ifstream ifs(outfilename.c_str());
 
  std::string line;
  getline(ifs,line);
 
  if(line.rfind("nnf", 0) != 0) {
    // New d4 does not include this magic line
 
    if(compiler != "d4") {
      // unsatisfiable formula
      return dDNNF();
    }
  } else {
    std::string nnf;
    unsigned nb_nodes, nb_edges, nb_variables;
 
    std::stringstream ss(line);
    ss >> nnf >> nb_nodes >> nb_edges >> nb_variables;
 
    if(nb_variables!=gates.size())
      throw CircuitException("Unreadable d-DNNF (wrong number of variables: " + std::to_string(nb_variables) +" vs " + std::to_string(gates.size()) + ")");
 
    getline(ifs,line);
  }
 
  dDNNF dnnf;
 
  unsigned i=0;
  do {
    std::stringstream ss(line);
 
    std::string c;
    ss >> c;
 
    if(c=="O") {
      int var, args;
      ss >> var >> args;
      auto id=dnnf.getGate(std::to_string(i));
      dnnf.setGate(std::to_string(i), BooleanGate::OR);
      int g;
      while(ss >> g) {
        auto id2=dnnf.getGate(std::to_string(g));
        dnnf.addWire(id,id2);
      }
    } else if(c=="A") {
      int args;
      ss >> args;
      auto id=dnnf.getGate(std::to_string(i));
      dnnf.setGate(std::to_string(i), BooleanGate::AND);
      int g;
      while(ss >> g) {
        auto id2=dnnf.getGate(std::to_string(g));
        dnnf.addWire(id,id2);
      }
    } else if(c=="L") {
      int leaf;
      ss >> leaf;
      auto and_gate=dnnf.setGate(std::to_string(i), BooleanGate::AND);
      if(gates[abs(leaf)-1]==BooleanGate::IN) {
        if(leaf<0) {
          auto leaf_gate = dnnf.setGate(getUUID(static_cast<gate_t>(-leaf-1)), BooleanGate::IN, prob[-leaf-1]);
          auto not_gate = dnnf.setGate(BooleanGate::NOT);
          dnnf.addWire(not_gate, leaf_gate);
          dnnf.addWire(and_gate, not_gate);
        } else {
          auto leaf_gate = dnnf.setGate(getUUID(static_cast<gate_t>(leaf-1)), BooleanGate::IN, prob[leaf-1]);
          dnnf.addWire(and_gate, leaf_gate);
        }
      } else {
        ; // Do nothing, TRUE gate
      }
    } else if(c=="f" || c=="o") {
      // d4 extended format
      // A FALSE gate is an OR gate without wires
      int var;
      ss >> var;
      dnnf.setGate(std::to_string(var), BooleanGate::OR);
    } else if(c=="t" || c=="a") {
      // d4 extended format
      // A TRUE gate is an AND gate without wires
      int var;
      ss >> var;
      dnnf.setGate(std::to_string(var), BooleanGate::AND);
    } else if(dnnf.hasGate(c)) {
      // d4 extended format
      int var;
      ss >> var;
      auto id2=dnnf.getGate(std::to_string(var));
 
      std::vector<int> decisions;
      int decision;
      while(ss >> decision) {
        if(decision==0)
          break;
        if(gates[abs(decision)-1]==BooleanGate::IN)
          decisions.push_back(decision);
      }
 
      if(decisions.empty()) {
        dnnf.addWire(dnnf.getGate(c), id2);
      } else {
        auto and_gate = dnnf.setGate(BooleanGate::AND);
        dnnf.addWire(dnnf.getGate(c), and_gate);
        dnnf.addWire(and_gate, id2);
        for(auto leaf : decisions) {
          if(leaf<0) {
            auto leaf_gate = dnnf.setGate(getUUID(static_cast<gate_t>(-leaf-1)), BooleanGate::IN, prob[-leaf-1]);
            auto not_gate = dnnf.setGate(BooleanGate::NOT);
            dnnf.addWire(not_gate, leaf_gate);
            dnnf.addWire(and_gate, not_gate);
          } else {
            auto leaf_gate = dnnf.setGate(getUUID(static_cast<gate_t>(leaf-1)), BooleanGate::IN, prob[leaf-1]);
            dnnf.addWire(and_gate, leaf_gate);
          }
        }
      }
    } else
      throw CircuitException(std::string("Unreadable d-DNNF (unknown node type: ")+c+")");
 
    ++i;
  } while(getline(ifs, line));
 
  ifs.close();
 
  if(provsql_verbose<20) {
    if(unlink(outfilename.c_str())) {
      throw CircuitException("Error removing "+outfilename);
    }
  } else
    provsql_notice("Compiled d-DNNF in %s", outfilename.c_str());
 
  dnnf.setRoot(dnnf.getGate(new_d4?"1":std::to_string(i-1)));
 
  return dnnf;
}
 
double BooleanCircuit::WeightMC(gate_t g, std::string opt) const {
  std::string filename=BooleanCircuit::Tseytin(g, true);
 
  //opt of the form 'delta;epsilon'
  std::stringstream ssopt(opt);
  std::string delta_s, epsilon_s;
  getline(ssopt, delta_s, ';');
  getline(ssopt, epsilon_s, ';');
 
  double delta = 0;
  try {
    delta=stod(delta_s);
  } catch (std::invalid_argument &) {
    delta=0;
  }
  double epsilon = 0;
  try {
    epsilon=stod(epsilon_s);
  } catch (std::invalid_argument &) {
    epsilon=0;
  }
  if(delta == 0) delta=0.2;
  if(epsilon == 0) epsilon=0.8;
 
  //TODO calcul numIterations
 
  //calcul pivotAC
  const double pivotAC=2*ceil(exp(3./2)*(1+1/epsilon)*(1+1/epsilon));
 
  std::string cmdline="weightmc --startIteration=0 --gaussuntil=400 --verbosity=0 --pivotAC="+std::to_string(pivotAC)+ " "+filename+" > "+filename+".out";
 
  int retvalue=system(cmdline.c_str());
  if(retvalue) {
    throw CircuitException("Error executing weightmc");
  }
 
  //parsing
  std::ifstream ifs((filename+".out").c_str());
  std::string line, prev_line;
  while(getline(ifs,line))
    prev_line=line;
 
  std::stringstream ss(prev_line);
  std::string result;
  ss >> result >> result >> result >> result >> result;
 
  std::istringstream iss(result);
  std::string val, exp;
  getline(iss, val, 'x');
  getline(iss, exp);
  double value=stod(val);
  exp=exp.substr(2);
  double exponent=stod(exp);
  double ret=value*(pow(2.0,exponent));
 
  if(unlink(filename.c_str())) {
    throw CircuitException("Error removing "+filename);
  }
 
  if(unlink((filename+".out").c_str())) {
    throw CircuitException("Error removing "+filename+".out");
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
double BooleanCircuit::independentEvaluationInternal(
  gate_t g, std::set<gate_t> &seen) const
{
  double result=1.;
 
  switch(getGateType(g)) {
  case BooleanGate::AND:
    for(const auto &c: getWires(g)) {
      result*=independentEvaluationInternal(c, seen);
    }
    break;
 
  case BooleanGate::OR:
  {
    // We collect probability among each group of children, where we
    // group MULIN gates with the same key var together
    std::map<gate_t, double> groups;
    std::set<gate_t> local_mulins;
    std::set<std::pair<gate_t, unsigned> > mulin_seen;
 
    for(const auto &c: getWires(g)) {
      auto group = c;
      if(getGateType(c) == BooleanGate::MULIN) {
        group = *getWires(c).begin();
        if(local_mulins.find(group)==local_mulins.end()) {
          if(seen.find(group)!=seen.end())
            throw CircuitException("Not an independent circuit");
          else
            seen.insert(group);
          local_mulins.insert(group);
        }
        auto p = std::make_pair(group, getInfo(c));
        if(mulin_seen.find(p)==mulin_seen.end()) {
          groups[group] += getProb(c);
          mulin_seen.insert(p);
        }
      } else
        groups[group] = independentEvaluationInternal(c, seen);
    }
 
    for(const auto [k, v]: groups)
      result *= 1-v;
    result = 1-result;
  }
  break;
 
  case BooleanGate::NOT:
    result=1-independentEvaluationInternal(*getWires(g).begin(), seen);
    break;
 
  case BooleanGate::IN:
    if(seen.find(g)!=seen.end())
      throw CircuitException("Not an independent circuit");
    seen.insert(g);
    result=getProb(g);
    break;
 
  case BooleanGate::MULIN:
  {
    auto child = *getWires(g).begin();
    if(seen.find(child)!=seen.end())
      throw CircuitException("Not an independent circuit");
    seen.insert(child);
    result=getProb(g);
  }
  break;
 
  case BooleanGate::UNDETERMINED:
  case BooleanGate::MULVAR:
    throw CircuitException("Bad gate");
  }
 
  return result;
}
 
double BooleanCircuit::independentEvaluation(gate_t g) const
{
  std::set<gate_t> seen;
  return independentEvaluationInternal(g, seen);
}
 
void BooleanCircuit::setInfo(gate_t g, unsigned int i)
{
  info[g] = i;
}
 
unsigned BooleanCircuit::getInfo(gate_t g) const
{
  auto it = info.find(g);
 
  if(it==info.end())
    return 0;
  else
    return it->second;
}
 
void BooleanCircuit::rewriteMultivaluedGatesRec(
  const std::vector<gate_t> &muls,
  const std::vector<double> &cumulated_probs,
  unsigned start,
  unsigned end,
  std::vector<gate_t> &prefix)
{
  if(start==end) {
    getWires(muls[start]) = prefix;
    return;
  }
 
  unsigned mid = (start+end)/2;
  auto g = setGate(
    BooleanGate::IN,
    (cumulated_probs[mid+1] - cumulated_probs[start]) /
    (cumulated_probs[end] - cumulated_probs[start]));
  auto not_g = setGate(BooleanGate::NOT);
  getWires(not_g).push_back(g);
 
  prefix.push_back(g);
  rewriteMultivaluedGatesRec(muls, cumulated_probs, start, mid, prefix);
  prefix.pop_back();
  prefix.push_back(not_g);
  rewriteMultivaluedGatesRec(muls, cumulated_probs, mid+1, end, prefix);
  prefix.pop_back();
}
 
/**
 * @brief Check whether two double values are approximately equal.
 * @param a  First value.
 * @param b  Second value.
 * @return   @c true if @p a and @p b differ by less than 10× machine epsilon.
 */
static constexpr bool almost_equals(double a, double b)
{
  double diff = a - b;
  constexpr double epsilon = std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon() * 10;
 
  return (diff < epsilon && diff > -epsilon);
}
 
void BooleanCircuit::rewriteMultivaluedGates()
{
  std::map<gate_t,std::vector<gate_t> > var2mulinput;
  for(auto mul: mulinputs) {
    var2mulinput[*getWires(mul).begin()].push_back(mul);
  }
  mulinputs.clear();
 
  for(const auto &[var, muls]: var2mulinput)
  {
    const unsigned n = muls.size();
    std::vector<double> cumulated_probs(n);
    double cumulated_prob=0.;
 
    for(unsigned i=0; i<n; ++i) {
      cumulated_prob += getProb(muls[i]);
      cumulated_probs[i] = cumulated_prob;
      gates[static_cast<std::underlying_type<gate_t>::type>(muls[i])] = BooleanGate::AND;
      getWires(muls[i]).clear();
    }
 
    std::vector<gate_t> prefix;
    prefix.reserve(static_cast<unsigned>(log(n)/log(2)+2));
    if(!almost_equals(cumulated_probs[n-1],1.)) {
      prefix.push_back(setGate(BooleanGate::IN, cumulated_probs[n-1]));
    }
    rewriteMultivaluedGatesRec(muls, cumulated_probs, 0, n-1, prefix);
  }
}
 
gate_t BooleanCircuit::interpretAsDDInternal(gate_t g, std::set<gate_t> &seen, dDNNF &dd) const {
  gate_t dg{0};
 
  switch(getGateType(g)) {
  case BooleanGate::AND:
  {
    dg = dd.setGate(BooleanGate::AND);
    for(const auto &c: getWires(g)) {
      auto dc = interpretAsDDInternal(c, seen, dd);
      dd.addWire(dg, dc);
    }
  }
  break;
 
  case BooleanGate::OR:
  {
    dg = dd.setGate(BooleanGate::NOT);
    auto dng = dd.setGate(BooleanGate::AND);
    dd.addWire(dg, dng);
    for(const auto &c: getWires(g)) {
      auto dc = interpretAsDDInternal(c, seen, dd);
      auto dnc = dd.setGate(BooleanGate::NOT);
      dd.addWire(dnc, dc);
      dd.addWire(dng, dnc);
    }
  }
  break;
 
  case BooleanGate::NOT:
  {
    dg = dd.setGate(BooleanGate::NOT);
    auto dc = interpretAsDDInternal(getWires(g)[0], seen, dd);
    dd.addWire(dg, dc);
  }
  break;
 
  case BooleanGate::IN:
    if(seen.find(g)!=seen.end())
      throw CircuitException("Not an independent circuit");
    seen.insert(g);
    dg = dd.setGate(getUUID(g), BooleanGate::IN, getProb(g));
    break;
 
  case BooleanGate::MULIN:
  case BooleanGate::MULVAR:
  case BooleanGate::UNDETERMINED:
    throw CircuitException("Unsupported gate in interpretAsDD");
  }
 
  return dg;
}
 
dDNNF BooleanCircuit::interpretAsDD(gate_t g) const
{
  dDNNF dd;
  std::set<gate_t> seen;
 
  dd.setRoot(interpretAsDDInternal(g, seen, dd));
 
  return dd;
}
 
dDNNF BooleanCircuit::makeDD(gate_t g, const std::string &method, const std::string &args) const
{
  if(method=="compilation") {
    return compilation(g, args);
  } else if(method=="tree-decomposition") {
    try {
      TreeDecomposition td(*this);
      return dDNNFTreeDecompositionBuilder{
        *this, g, td}.build();
    } catch(TreeDecompositionException &) {
      provsql_error("Treewidth greater than %u", TreeDecomposition::MAX_TREEWIDTH);
    }
  } else {
    dDNNF dd;
    try {
      dd = interpretAsDD(g);
      if(provsql_verbose>=20)
        provsql_notice("Circuit interpreted as dD, %ld gates", dd.getNbGates());
    } catch(CircuitException &) {
      try {
        TreeDecomposition td(*this);
        dd = dDNNFTreeDecompositionBuilder{
          *this, g, td}.build();
        if(provsql_verbose>=20)
          provsql_notice("dD obtained by tree decomposition, %ld gates", dd.getNbGates());
      } catch(TreeDecompositionException &) {
        dd = compilation(g, "d4");
        if(provsql_verbose>=20)
          provsql_notice("dD obtained by compilation using d4, %ld gates", dd.getNbGates());
      }
    }
 
    return dd;
  }
}