dDNNFTreeDecompositionBuilder.cpp

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/**
 * @file dDNNFTreeDecompositionBuilder.cpp
 * @brief d-DNNF construction from a Boolean circuit and its tree decomposition.
 *
 * Implements the @c dDNNFTreeDecompositionBuilder::build() algorithm, which
 * converts a bounded-treewidth Boolean circuit into a d-DNNF by following
 * the construction in Section 5.1 of:
 *
 * > A. Amarilli, F. Capelli, M. Monet, P. Senellart,
 * >  "Connecting Knowledge Compilation Classes and Width Parameters".
 * >  Theory of Computing Systems 64(5):861–914, 2020.
 * >  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00224-019-09930-2
 *
 * The algorithm traverses the tree decomposition bottom-up.  For each bag
 * it maintains a set of *dDNNFGate* partial results, each carrying a
 * valuation (truth-value assignment for the gates in the bag) and a
 * suspicious set (gates not yet confirmed by their responsible bag).
 *
 * Private helpers:
 * - @c builddDNNFLeaf(): generate partial results for a leaf bag.
 * - @c collectGatesToOr(): group partial results by (valuation, suspicious).
 * - @c builddDNNF(): main bottom-up recursion.
 * - @c isAlmostValuation(), @c getInnocent(): utilities for the DP.
 * - @c circuitHasWire(): O(log n) wire lookup using @c wiresSet.
 */
#include <algorithm>
#include <stack>
#include <variant>
 
#include "dDNNFTreeDecompositionBuilder.h"
#include "Circuit.hpp"
 
/* The bottom-up tree-decomposition DP can spend seconds-to-minutes on
 * non-trivial circuits ; without periodic CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS the
 * backend ignores both statement_timeout and pg_cancel_backend.  In
 * the standalone tdkc binary CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS resolves to a
 * no-op, so we mirror the guard pattern from BooleanCircuit.cpp. */
#ifdef TDKC
#define CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS() ((void)0)
#else
extern "C" {
#include "postgres.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
}
#endif
 
/* Turn a bounded-treewidth circuit c for which a tree decomposition td
 * is provided into a dNNF rooted at root, following the construction in
 * Section 5.1 of https://doi.org/10.1007/s00224-019-09930-2 */
dDNNF&& dDNNFTreeDecompositionBuilder::build() && {
  // We make the tree decomposition friendly
  td.makeFriendly(root_id);
 
  // We look for bags responsible for each variable
  for(bag_t i{0}; i<td.bags.size(); ++i) {
    const auto &b = td.getBag(i);
    if(td.getChildren(i).empty() && b.size()==1 && c.getGateType(*b.begin()) == BooleanGate::IN)
      responsible_bag[*b.begin()] = i;
  }
 
  // A friendly tree decomposition has leaf bags for every variable
  // nodes. Let's just check that to be safe.
  assert(responsible_bag.size()==c.inputs.size());
 
  // Create the input and negated input gates.  Inputs synthesised by
  // rewriteMultivaluedGates() carry no UUID; using the empty UUID with
  // setGate(uuid,...) would dedup them all into a single dDNNF gate
  // (whose probability would then be overwritten on each call), which
  // is wrong: each one is a distinct independent variable.
  for(auto g: c.inputs) {
    gate_t gate;
    if(c.getUUID(g).empty())
      gate = d.setGate(BooleanGate::IN, c.getProb(g));
    else
      gate = d.setGate(c.getUUID(g), BooleanGate::IN, c.getProb(g));
    auto not_gate = d.setGate(BooleanGate::NOT);
    d.addWire(not_gate, gate);
    input_gate[g]=gate;
    negated_input_gate[g]=not_gate;
  }
 
  gate_vector_t<dDNNFGate> result_gates = builddDNNF();
 
  d.root = d.setGate(BooleanGate::OR);
 
  for(const auto &p: result_gates) {
    if(p.suspicious.empty() && p.valuation.find(root_id)->second) {
      d.addWire(d.root, p.id);
      break;
    }
  }
 
  d.simplify();
 
  return std::move(d);
}
 
/**
 * @brief Return @c true if assigning @p value to a gate of type @p type is a "strong" assignment.
 *
 * A strong assignment is one that forces the gate's output to be determined
 * by a single input (e.g., @c true for OR, @c false for AND).
 * @param type   Gate type (AND, OR, IN, or other).
 * @param value  Truth value assigned to the gate.
 * @return       @c true if the assignment is strong for this gate type.
 */
constexpr bool isStrong(BooleanGate type, bool value)
{
  switch(type) {
  case BooleanGate::OR:
    return value;
  case BooleanGate::AND:
    return !value;
  case BooleanGate::IN:
    return false;
  default:
    return true;
  }
}
 
/**
 * @brief Check whether all suspicious gates in @p suspicious appear in bag @p b.
 * @param suspicious  Set of gates that must be confirmed in the parent bag.
 * @param b           Bag to check against.
 * @return            @c true if every gate in @p suspicious is in @p b.
 */
static bool isConnectible(const dDNNFTreeDecompositionBuilder::suspicious_t &suspicious,
                          const TreeDecomposition::Bag &b)
{
  for(const auto &g: suspicious) {
    if(b.find(g)==b.end())
      return false;
  }
 
  return true;
}
 
dDNNFTreeDecompositionBuilder::gate_vector_t<dDNNFTreeDecompositionBuilder::dDNNFGate> dDNNFTreeDecompositionBuilder::builddDNNFLeaf(
  bag_t bag)
{
  // If the bag is empty, it behaves as if it was not there
  if(td.getBag(bag).size()==0)
    return {};
 
  // Otherwise, since we have a friendly decomposition, we have a
  // single gate
  auto single_gate = *td.getBag(bag).begin();
 
  // We check if this bag is responsible for an input variable
  if(c.getGateType(single_gate)==BooleanGate::IN &&
     responsible_bag.find(single_gate)->second==bag)
  {
    // No need to create an extra gate, just point to the variable and
    // negated variable gate; no suspicious gate.
    dDNNFGate pos = { input_gate.find(single_gate)->second,
                      {std::make_pair(single_gate,true)},
                      suspicious_t{}
    };
    dDNNFGate neg = { negated_input_gate.find(single_gate)->second,
                      {std::make_pair(single_gate,false)},
                      suspicious_t{}
    };
    return { std::move(pos), std::move(neg) };
  } else {
    gate_vector_t<dDNNFGate> result_gates;
 
    // We create two TRUE gates (AND gates with no inputs)
    for(auto v: {true, false}) {
      // Optimization: we know the root is set to True, so no need to
      // construct valuations incompatible with this
      if(single_gate==root_id && !v)
        continue;
 
      suspicious_t suspicious;
      if(isStrong(c.getGateType(single_gate), v))
        suspicious.insert(single_gate);
 
      result_gates.emplace_back(
        d.setGate(BooleanGate::AND),
        valuation_t{std::make_pair(single_gate, v)},
        std::move(suspicious)
        );
    }
 
    return result_gates;
  }
}
 
bool dDNNFTreeDecompositionBuilder::isAlmostValuation(
  const valuation_t &valuation) const
{
  for(const auto &p1: valuation) {
    for(const auto &p2: valuation) {
      if(p1.first==p2.first)
        continue;
      if(!isStrong(c.getGateType(p1.first),p2.second))
        continue;
 
      if(circuitHasWire(p1.first,p2.first)) {
        switch(c.getGateType(p1.first)) {
        case BooleanGate::AND:
        case BooleanGate::OR:
          if(p1.second!=p2.second)
            return false;
          break;
        case BooleanGate::NOT:
          if(p1.second==p2.second)
            return false;
        default:
          ;
        }
      }
    }
  }
 
  return true;
}
 
dDNNFTreeDecompositionBuilder::suspicious_t
dDNNFTreeDecompositionBuilder::getInnocent(
  const valuation_t &valuation,
  const suspicious_t &innocent) const
{
  suspicious_t result = innocent;
 
  for(const auto &[g1,val]: valuation) {
    if(innocent.find(g1)!=innocent.end())
      continue;
 
    // We check if it is strong, if not it is innocent
    if(!isStrong(c.getGateType(g1), valuation.find(g1)->second)) {
      result.insert(g1);
      continue;
    }
 
    // We have a strong gate not innocented by the children bags,
    // it is only innocent if we also have in the bag an input to
    // that gate which is strong for that gate
    for(const auto &[g2, value]: valuation) {
      if(g2==g1)
        continue;
 
      if(circuitHasWire(g1,g2)) {
        if(isStrong(c.getGateType(g1), value)) {
          result.insert(g1);
          break;
        }
      }
    }
  }
 
  return result;
}
 
/**
 * @brief Write a @c gates_to_or_t DP table to an output stream for debugging.
 * @param o           Output stream.
 * @param gates_to_or The DP table to display.
 * @return            Reference to @p o.
 */
std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &o, const dDNNFTreeDecompositionBuilder::gates_to_or_t &gates_to_or)
{
  for(auto &[valuation, m]: gates_to_or) {
    o << "{";
    bool first=true;
    for(auto &[var, val]: valuation) {
      if(!first)
        o << ",";
      o << "(" << var << "," << val << ")";
      first=false;
    }
    o << "}: ";
 
    for(auto &[innocent, gates]: m) {
      o << "{";
      first=true;
      for(auto &x: innocent) {
        if(!first)
          o << ",";
        o << x;
        first=false;
      }
      o << "} ";
      o << "[";
      first=true;
      for(auto &x: gates) {
        if(!first)
          o << ",";
        o << x;
        first=false;
      }
      o << "] ";
    }
 
    o << "\n";
  }
 
  return o;
}
 
dDNNFTreeDecompositionBuilder::gates_to_or_t dDNNFTreeDecompositionBuilder::collectGatesToOr(
  bag_t bag,
  const gate_vector_t<dDNNFGate> &children_gates,
  const gates_to_or_t &partial)
{
  gates_to_or_t gates_to_or;
 
  for(auto g: children_gates) {
    /* Per-bag work can iterate over the cartesian product of
     * children_gates and partial entries, blowing up well past the
     * per-bag granularity of the outer builddDNNF loop ; check
     * cancellation per child-gate so interruption is still
     * responsive on heavy bags. */
    CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
    // We check all suspicious gates are in the bag of the parent
    if(!isConnectible(g.suspicious,td.getBag(bag)))
      continue;
 
    // Find all valuations in partial that are compatible with this partial
    // valuation, if it exists
    auto compatibleValuation = [&g](const auto &p) {
                                 for(const auto &[var, val]: p.first) {
                                   auto it = g.valuation.find(var);
                                   if(it != g.valuation.end() && it->second != val)
                                     return false;
                                 }
                                 return true;
                               };
 
    for (auto it = std::find_if(partial.begin(), partial.end(), compatibleValuation);
         it != partial.end();
         it = std::find_if(std::next(it), partial.end(), compatibleValuation)) {
      auto &[matching_valuation, m] = *it;
 
      valuation_t valuation = matching_valuation;
      suspicious_t extra_innocent{};
      for(auto &[var, val]: g.valuation) {
        if(td.getBag(bag).find(var)!=td.getBag(bag).end()) {
          if(matching_valuation.find(var)==matching_valuation.end())
            valuation[var]=val;
 
          if(g.suspicious.find(var)==g.suspicious.end()) {
            extra_innocent.insert(var);
          }
        }
      }
 
      // We check valuation is still an almost-valuation
      if(!isAlmostValuation(valuation))
        continue;
 
      for(auto &[innocent, gates]: m) {
        suspicious_t new_innocent = extra_innocent;
 
        for(auto s: innocent)
          new_innocent.insert(s);
 
        new_innocent = getInnocent(valuation, new_innocent);
 
        if(gates.empty())
          gates_to_or[valuation][new_innocent].push_back(g.id);
        else {
          for(auto g2: gates) {
            gate_t and_gate;
 
            // We optimize a bit by avoiding creating an AND gate if there
            // is only one child, or if a second child is a TRUE gate
            gate_t gates_children[2];
            unsigned nb = 0;
 
            if(!(d.getGateType(g.id)==BooleanGate::AND &&
                 d.getWires(g.id).empty()))
              gates_children[nb++]=g.id;
 
            if(!(d.getGateType(g2)==BooleanGate::AND &&
                 d.getWires(g2).empty()))
              gates_children[nb++]=g2;
 
            if(nb==0) {
              // We have one (or two) TRUE gates; we just reuse it -- even
              // though we reuse a child gate, connections will still make
              // sense as the valuation and suspicious set been correctly
              // computed
              and_gate = g.id;
            } else if(nb==1) {
              // Only one non-TRUE gate; we reuse it. Similarly as in the
              // previous case, even though we reuse this gate, the connections
              // made from it will still take into account the valuation and
              // suspicious set
              and_gate = gates_children[0];
            } else {
              and_gate = d.setGate(BooleanGate::AND);
              for(auto x: gates_children) {
                d.addWire(and_gate, x);
              }
            }
 
            gates_to_or[valuation][new_innocent].push_back(and_gate);
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
 
  return gates_to_or;
}
 
dDNNFTreeDecompositionBuilder::gate_vector_t<dDNNFTreeDecompositionBuilder::dDNNFGate> dDNNFTreeDecompositionBuilder::builddDNNF()
{
  // Unfortunately, tree decompositions can be quite deep so we need to
  // simulate recursion with a heap-based stack, to avoid exhausting the
  // actual memory stack
  struct RecursionParams
  {
    bag_t bag;
    size_t children_processed;
    gates_to_or_t gates_to_or;
 
    RecursionParams(bag_t b, size_t c, gates_to_or_t g) :
      bag(b), children_processed(c), gates_to_or(std::move(g)) {
    }
 
    RecursionParams(bag_t b) :
      bag(b), children_processed(0) {
      gates_to_or_t::mapped_type m;
      m[suspicious_t{}] = {};
      gates_to_or[valuation_t{}] = std::move(m);
    }
  };
 
  using RecursionResult = gate_vector_t<dDNNFGate>;
 
  std::stack<std::variant<RecursionParams,RecursionResult> > stack;
  stack.emplace(RecursionParams{td.root});
 
  while(!stack.empty()) {
    /* Yield to the postgres backend so statement_timeout /
     * pg_cancel_backend can fire on long-running tree-decomp DPs.
     * The bottom-up recursion processes one bag per outer-loop
     * iteration ; per-bag work can itself be heavy but per-bag
     * granularity is sufficient for cancellation latency in the
     * sub-second range that matters interactively. */
    CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
    RecursionResult result;
 
    if(stack.top().index()==1) { // RecursionResult
      result = std::move(std::get<1>(stack.top()));
      stack.pop();
      if(stack.empty())
        return result;
    }
 
    auto [bag, children_processed, gates_to_or] = std::move(std::get<0>(stack.top()));
    stack.pop();
 
    if(td.getChildren(bag).empty()) {
      auto x = builddDNNFLeaf(bag);
      stack.emplace(x);
    } else {
      if(children_processed>0) {
        gates_to_or = collectGatesToOr(bag, result, gates_to_or);
      }
 
      if(children_processed==td.getChildren(bag).size()) {
        gate_vector_t<dDNNFGate> result_gates;
 
        for(auto &[valuation, m]: gates_to_or) {
          for(auto &[innocent, gates]: m) {
            gate_t result_gate;
 
            assert(gates.size()!=0);
 
            suspicious_t suspicious;
            for(auto &[var, val]: valuation)
              if(innocent.find(var)==innocent.end())
                suspicious.insert(var);
 
            // The reuse optimization in collectGatesToOr can push the same
            // gate ID twice when two partial entries share a TRUE gate and
            // collapse to the same (valuation, innocent) key.  Duplicates
            // in an OR's wire list cause probabilityEvaluation() to
            // double-count via the cache, so remove them here.
            std::sort(gates.begin(), gates.end());
            gates.erase(std::unique(gates.begin(), gates.end()), gates.end());
 
            if(gates.size()==1)
              result_gate = *gates.begin();
            else {
              result_gate = d.setGate(BooleanGate::OR);
              for(auto &g: gates) {
                d.addWire(result_gate, g);
              }
            }
 
            result_gates.emplace_back(result_gate, std::move(valuation), std::move(suspicious));
          }
        }
 
        stack.emplace(std::move(result_gates));
      } else {
        stack.emplace(RecursionParams{bag, children_processed+1, std::move(gates_to_or)});
        stack.emplace(RecursionParams{td.getChildren(bag)[children_processed]});
      }
    }
  }
 
  // We return from within the while loop, when we hit the last return
  // value
  assert(false);
}
 
std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &o, const dDNNFTreeDecompositionBuilder::dDNNFGate &g)
{
  o << g.id << "; {";
  bool first=true;
  for(const auto &p: g.valuation) {
    if(!first)
      o << ",";
    first=false;
    o << "(" << p.first << "," << p.second << ")";
  }
  o << "}; {";
  first=true;
  for(auto x: g.suspicious) {
    if(!first)
      o << ",";
    first=false;
    o << x;
  }
  o << "}";
 
  return o;
}
 
bool dDNNFTreeDecompositionBuilder::circuitHasWire(gate_t f, gate_t t) const
{
  return wiresSet.find(std::make_pair(f,t))!=wiresSet.end();
}