provsql_utils.c

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/**
 * @file provsql_utils.c
 * @brief OID lookup, constants cache, and utility functions for ProvSQL.
 *
 * Implements the functions declared in @c provsql_utils.h:
 * - @c get_constants(): retrieves and caches per-database OIDs for all
 *   ProvSQL types, functions, and operators.
 * - @c find_equality_operator(): looks up the @c = operator OID for a
 *   given pair of types.
 *
 * The constants cache is a sorted, dynamically-grown array of
 * @c database_constants_t records (one per PostgreSQL database OID)
 * stored in process-local memory and searched with binary search.
 * The @c reset_constants_cache() SQL function forces a cache invalidation
 * for the current database, which is needed after @c ALTER EXTENSION.
 *
 * Several helper functions (@c get_func_oid, @c get_provsql_func_oid,
 * @c OperatorGet, @c get_enum_oid, @c binary_oper_exact) are adapted
 * from PostgreSQL source code that is not exported as a public API.
 */
#include "postgres.h"
#include "access/htup_details.h"
#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
#include "access/table.h"               /* table_open / table_close */
#else
#include "access/heapam.h"              /* heap_open / heap_close (PG <12) */
#define table_open(r, l)  heap_open((r), (l))
#define table_close(r, l) heap_close((r), (l))
#endif
#include "access/genam.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "catalog/indexing.h"           /* ConstraintRelidTypidNameIndexId */
#include "catalog/namespace.h"
#include "catalog/pg_attribute.h"
#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
#include "catalog/pg_index.h"
#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
#include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
#include "catalog/pg_namespace.h"
#include "catalog/pg_operator.h"
#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
#include "compatibility.h"
#include "fmgr.h"
#include "nodes/value.h"
#include "parser/parse_func.h"
#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
#include "utils/syscache.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/inval.h"
 
#include <string.h>
 
#include "provsql_utils.h"
 
const char *gate_type_name[] = {
  "input",
  "plus",
  "times",
  "monus",
  "project",
  "zero",
  "one",
  "eq",
  "agg",
  "semimod",
  "cmp",
  "delta",
  "value",
  "mulinput",
  "update",
  "rv",
  "arith",
  "mixture",
  "assumed",
  "annotation",
  "conditioned",
  "mobius",
  "case",
  "observe",
  "invalid"
};
 
/**
 * @brief Look up an exactly matching binary operator OID.
 *
 * Copied and adapted from @c parse_oper.c (PostgreSQL internals, not
 * exported).  Returns @c InvalidOid if no exact match exists.
 *
 * @param opname  Qualified operator name (a @c List of @c String nodes).
 * @param arg1    OID of the left operand type.
 * @param arg2    OID of the right operand type.
 * @return        OID of the matching operator, or @c InvalidOid.
 */
static Oid
binary_oper_exact(List *opname, Oid arg1, Oid arg2)
{
  Oid result;
  bool was_unknown = false;
 
  /* Unspecified type for one of the arguments? then use the other */
  if ((arg1 == UNKNOWNOID) && (arg2 != InvalidOid))
  {
    arg1 = arg2;
    was_unknown = true;
  }
  else if ((arg2 == UNKNOWNOID) && (arg1 != InvalidOid))
  {
    arg2 = arg1;
    was_unknown = true;
  }
 
  result = OpernameGetOprid(opname, arg1, arg2);
  if (OidIsValid(result))
    return result;
 
  if (was_unknown)
  {
    /* arg1 and arg2 are the same here, need only look at arg1 */
    Oid basetype = getBaseType(arg1);
 
    if (basetype != arg1)
    {
      result = OpernameGetOprid(opname, basetype, basetype);
      if (OidIsValid(result))
        return result;
    }
  }
 
  return InvalidOid;
}
 
/* Adapted from PostgreSQL code that is not exported (see parse_oper.c
 * and the static function oper_select_candidate therein).
 */
Oid find_equality_operator(Oid ltypeId, Oid rtypeId)
{
  List * const equals=list_make1(makeString("="));
 
  FuncCandidateList clist;
  Oid inputOids[2] = {ltypeId,rtypeId};
  int ncandidates;
 
  Oid result = binary_oper_exact(equals, ltypeId, rtypeId);
 
  if(result!=InvalidOid)
    return result;
 
  clist = OpernameGetCandidatesCompat(equals, 'b', false);
 
  ncandidates = func_match_argtypes(2, inputOids,
                                    clist, &clist);
 
  if (ncandidates == 0)
    return InvalidOid;
  else if (ncandidates == 1)
    return clist->oid;
 
  clist = func_select_candidate(2, inputOids, clist);
 
  if(clist)
    return clist->oid;
  else
    return InvalidOid;
}
 
/**
 * @brief Return the OID of a globally qualified function named @p s.
 *
 * Looks up the function in the default search path.  Returns 0 if no
 * matching function is found.
 *
 * @param s  Function name (unqualified).
 * @return   OID of the function, or 0 if not found.
 */
static Oid get_func_oid(char *s)
{
  FuncCandidateList fcl=FuncnameGetCandidatesCompat(
    list_make1(makeString(s)),
    -1,
    NIL,
    false,
    false,
    false,
    false);
  if(fcl)
    return fcl->oid;
  else
    return 0;
}
 
/**
 * @brief Return the OID of a @c provsql-schema function named @p s.
 *
 * Looks up the function in the @c provsql schema.  Returns 0 if not found.
 *
 * @param s  Function name (without schema prefix).
 * @return   OID of the function, or 0 if not found.
 */
static Oid get_provsql_func_oid(char *s)
{
  FuncCandidateList fcl=FuncnameGetCandidatesCompat(
    list_make2(makeString("provsql"),makeString(s)),
    -1,
    NIL,
    false,
    false,
    false,
    false);
  if(fcl)
    return fcl->oid;
  else
    return 0;
}
 
/**
 * @brief Return the OID of a @c provsql-schema function named @p s with a
 *        specific argument-type signature.
 *
 * Unlike @c get_provsql_func_oid (which returns an arbitrary overload), this
 * disambiguates overloaded functions by exact argument types.  Needed for the
 * @c probability / @c probability_evaluate families, which now carry both a
 * @c uuid and a @c boolean first-argument overload.  Returns 0 if not found.
 */
static Oid get_provsql_func_oid_args(char *s, int nargs, Oid *argtypes)
{
  return LookupFuncName(list_make2(makeString("provsql"), makeString(s)),
                        nargs, argtypes, true /* missing_ok */);
}
 
/**
 * @brief Retrieve operator and function OIDs for a named operator.
 *
 * Copied and adapted from @c pg_operator.c (PostgreSQL internals, not
 * exported).  Looks up the operator by name, namespace, and operand types
 * in the system cache.
 *
 * @param operatorName      Operator symbol string (e.g. @c "<>").
 * @param operatorNamespace OID of the schema containing the operator.
 * @param leftObjectId      OID of the left operand type.
 * @param rightObjectId     OID of the right operand type.
 * @param operatorObjectId  Output: OID of the operator, or 0 if not found.
 * @param functionObjectId  Output: OID of the underlying function, or 0.
 */
static void OperatorGet(
  const char *operatorName,
  Oid operatorNamespace,
  Oid leftObjectId,
  Oid rightObjectId,
  Oid *operatorObjectId,
  Oid *functionObjectId)
{
  HeapTuple tup;
  bool defined;
 
  tup = SearchSysCache4(OPERNAMENSP,
                        PointerGetDatum(operatorName),
                        ObjectIdGetDatum(leftObjectId),
                        ObjectIdGetDatum(rightObjectId),
                        ObjectIdGetDatum(operatorNamespace));
  if (HeapTupleIsValid(tup))
  {
    Form_pg_operator oprform = (Form_pg_operator) GETSTRUCT(tup);
#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
    *operatorObjectId = oprform->oid;
#else
    *operatorObjectId = HeapTupleGetOid(tup);
#endif
    *functionObjectId = oprform->oprcode;
    defined = RegProcedureIsValid(oprform->oprcode);
    ReleaseSysCache(tup);
  }
  else
  {
    defined = false;
  }
 
  if(!defined) {
    *operatorObjectId = 0;
    *functionObjectId = 0;
  }
}
 
/**
 * @brief Return the OID of a specific enum label within an enum type.
 *
 * @param enumtypoid  OID of the enum type (e.g. @c provenance_gate).
 * @param label       C-string label of the enum value to look up.
 * @return            OID of the enum label's @c pg_enum row, or
 *                    @c InvalidOid if the label is not present.
 */
static Oid get_enum_oid(Oid enumtypoid, const char *label)
{
  HeapTuple tup;
  Oid ret;
 
  tup = SearchSysCache2(ENUMTYPOIDNAME,
                        ObjectIdGetDatum(enumtypoid),
                        CStringGetDatum(label));
  if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tup))
    return InvalidOid;
 
#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
  ret = ((Form_pg_enum) GETSTRUCT(tup))->oid;
#else
  ret = HeapTupleGetOid(tup);
#endif
 
  ReleaseSysCache(tup);
 
  return ret;
}
 
/**
 * @brief Query the system catalogs to populate a fresh @c constants_t.
 *
 * Performs all OID lookups required by ProvSQL in a single pass through
 * the system caches.  The @c CheckOid() macro aborts (or returns early,
 * depending on @p failure_if_not_possible) if any OID resolves to
 * @c InvalidOid.
 *
 * @param failure_if_not_possible  If @c true, raise a @c provsql_error when
 *        any OID cannot be resolved.  If @c false, return a @c constants_t
 *        with @c ok==false instead.
 * @return  Fully populated @c constants_t on success, or @c ok==false on
 *          failure when @p failure_if_not_possible is @c false.
 */
static constants_t initialize_constants(bool failure_if_not_possible)
{
  constants_t constants;
  constants.ok = false;
 
  /** @brief Abort or return early if OID field @p o of @p constants is invalid. */
  #define CheckOid(o) if(constants.o==InvalidOid) { \
            if(failure_if_not_possible) \
            provsql_error("Could not initialize provsql constants"); \
            else \
            return constants; }
 
  constants.OID_SCHEMA_PROVSQL = get_namespace_oid("provsql", true);
  CheckOid(OID_SCHEMA_PROVSQL);
 
  constants.OID_TYPE_UUID = TypenameGetTypid("uuid");
  CheckOid(OID_TYPE_UUID);
 
  constants.OID_TYPE_GATE_TYPE = GetSysCacheOid2(
    TYPENAMENSP,
#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
    Anum_pg_type_oid,
#endif
    CStringGetDatum("provenance_gate"),
    ObjectIdGetDatum(constants.OID_SCHEMA_PROVSQL)
    );
  CheckOid(OID_TYPE_GATE_TYPE);
 
  constants.OID_TYPE_AGG_TOKEN = GetSysCacheOid2(
    TYPENAMENSP,
#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
    Anum_pg_type_oid,
#endif
    CStringGetDatum("agg_token"),
    ObjectIdGetDatum(constants.OID_SCHEMA_PROVSQL)
    );
  CheckOid(OID_TYPE_AGG_TOKEN);
 
  constants.OID_TYPE_UUID = TypenameGetTypid("uuid");
  CheckOid(OID_TYPE_UUID);
 
  constants.OID_TYPE_UUID_ARRAY = TypenameGetTypid("_uuid");
  CheckOid(OID_TYPE_UUID_ARRAY);
 
  constants.OID_TYPE_INT = TypenameGetTypid("int4");
  CheckOid(OID_TYPE_INT);
 
  constants.OID_TYPE_BOOL = TypenameGetTypid("bool");
  CheckOid(OID_TYPE_BOOL);
 
  constants.OID_TYPE_FLOAT = TypenameGetTypid("float8");
  CheckOid(OID_TYPE_FLOAT);
 
  constants.OID_TYPE_INT_ARRAY = TypenameGetTypid("_int4");
  CheckOid(OID_TYPE_INT_ARRAY);
 
  constants.OID_TYPE_VARCHAR = TypenameGetTypid("varchar");
  CheckOid(OID_TYPE_VARCHAR);
 
#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 140000
  constants.OID_TYPE_TSTZMULTIRANGE = TypenameGetTypid("tstzmultirange");
  CheckOid(OID_TYPE_TSTZMULTIRANGE);
  constants.OID_TYPE_NUMMULTIRANGE = TypenameGetTypid("nummultirange");
  CheckOid(OID_TYPE_NUMMULTIRANGE);
  constants.OID_TYPE_INT4MULTIRANGE = TypenameGetTypid("int4multirange");
  CheckOid(OID_TYPE_INT4MULTIRANGE);
#else
  constants.OID_TYPE_TSTZMULTIRANGE = InvalidOid;
  constants.OID_TYPE_NUMMULTIRANGE = InvalidOid;
  constants.OID_TYPE_INT4MULTIRANGE = InvalidOid;
#endif
 
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_ARRAY_AGG = get_func_oid("array_agg");
  CheckOid(OID_FUNCTION_ARRAY_AGG);
 
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE_PLUS = get_provsql_func_oid("provenance_plus");
  CheckOid(OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE_PLUS);
 
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE_TIMES = get_provsql_func_oid("provenance_times");
  CheckOid(OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE_TIMES);
 
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE_MONUS = get_provsql_func_oid("provenance_monus");
  CheckOid(OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE_MONUS);
 
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE_PROJECT = get_provsql_func_oid("provenance_project");
  CheckOid(OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE_PROJECT);
 
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE_EQ = get_provsql_func_oid("provenance_eq");
  CheckOid(OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE_EQ);
 
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE = get_provsql_func_oid("provenance");
  CheckOid(OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE);
 
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE_DELTA = get_provsql_func_oid("provenance_delta");
  CheckOid(OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE_DELTA);
 
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE_AGGREGATE = get_provsql_func_oid("provenance_aggregate");
  CheckOid(OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE_AGGREGATE);
 
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE_SEMIMOD = get_provsql_func_oid("provenance_semimod");
  CheckOid(OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE_SEMIMOD);
  /* Optional: absent from schemas older than 1.13.0. */
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE_SEMIMOD_NULLABLE =
    get_provsql_func_oid("provenance_semimod_nullable");
  /* Optional: absent from schemas older than 1.13.0. */
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_ROW_NUMBER_AS_RANK =
    get_provsql_func_oid("row_number_as_rank");
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_WINDOW_DISTINCT_TOKENS =
    get_provsql_func_oid("window_distinct_tokens");
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_PLAIN = get_provsql_func_oid("plain");
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_PLAIN_TRUTH = get_provsql_func_oid("plain_truth");
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_AGG_TOKEN_PLAIN_TEXT =
    get_provsql_func_oid("agg_token_plain_text");
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_AGG_TOKEN_FROZEN_VALUE =
    get_provsql_func_oid("agg_token_frozen_value");
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_AGG_TOKEN_EXPLODE_CHILDREN =
    get_provsql_func_oid("agg_token_explode_children");
  /* Optional: absent from schemas older than 1.13.0. */
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_AGG_POSSIBLE_VALUES =
    get_provsql_func_oid("agg_possible_values");
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_AGG_GUARD_HOLDS =
    get_provsql_func_oid("agg_guard_holds");
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE_SEMIMOD_FLAT =
    get_provsql_func_oid("provenance_semimod_flat");
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE_SEMIMOD_NESTED =
    get_provsql_func_oid("provenance_semimod_nested");
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE_CONTRIBUTIONS_CAT =
    get_provsql_func_oid("provenance_contributions_cat");
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_GATE_NULL = get_provsql_func_oid("gate_null");
 
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_GATE_ZERO = get_provsql_func_oid("gate_zero");
  CheckOid(OID_FUNCTION_GATE_ZERO);
 
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_GATE_ONE = get_provsql_func_oid("gate_one");
  CheckOid(OID_FUNCTION_GATE_ONE);
 
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE_CMP = get_provsql_func_oid("provenance_cmp");
  CheckOid(OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE_CMP);
 
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_AGG_TOKEN_UUID = get_provsql_func_oid("agg_token_uuid");
  CheckOid(OID_FUNCTION_AGG_TOKEN_UUID);
 
  /* Used by the aggregate-carrier CASE lowering (build_agg_case) to lift a
   * numeric constant branch (e.g. `ELSE 0`) into a value gate. */
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_AGG_VALUE_GATE = get_provsql_func_oid("agg_value_gate");
 
  /* The next two are used by the agg_token JOIN query rewriting. */
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_GET_CHILDREN = get_provsql_func_oid("get_children");
  CheckOid(OID_FUNCTION_GET_CHILDREN);
 
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_GET_EXTRA = get_provsql_func_oid("get_extra");
  CheckOid(OID_FUNCTION_GET_EXTRA);
 
  /* Pick the unnest(anyarray) overload explicitly; PG 14+ also has
   * unnest(anymultirange), which get_func_oid would pick up first on
   * some versions. */
  {
    Oid argtypes[1] = { ANYARRAYOID };
    constants.OID_UNNEST = LookupFuncName(list_make1(makeString("unnest")),
                                          1, argtypes, true);
  }
  CheckOid(OID_UNNEST);
 
  /* random_variable type and its operator procedures will ship in
   * 1.5.0.  Older schemas (notably the 1.0.0 baseline used by
   * extension_upgrade) do not have them.  Treat each lookup as
   * optional -- if the catalog lacks the symbol, the OID stays
   * InvalidOid and downstream code (rv_cmp_index, the planner-hook
   * walker) silently no-ops on such schemas because real OpExpr
   * funcoids never equal InvalidOid.  Mirrors the
   * GET_GATE_TYPE_OID_OPTIONAL pattern above. */
  constants.OID_TYPE_RANDOM_VARIABLE = GetSysCacheOid2(
    TYPENAMENSP,
#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 120000
    Anum_pg_type_oid,
#endif
    CStringGetDatum("random_variable"),
    ObjectIdGetDatum(constants.OID_SCHEMA_PROVSQL)
    );
  constants.OID_TYPE_RANDOM_VARIABLE_ARRAY =
    OidIsValid(constants.OID_TYPE_RANDOM_VARIABLE)
      ? get_array_type(constants.OID_TYPE_RANDOM_VARIABLE)
      : InvalidOid;
 
  /* provsql.greatest / provsql.least (VARIADIC random_variable[]): the
   * order-statistic constructors the planner lifts a builtin GREATEST / LEAST
   * over random_variable arguments into.  Optional (InvalidOid on older
   * schemas disables the lift; the qualified provsql.greatest(...) still
   * works). */
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_RV_GREATEST = get_provsql_func_oid("greatest");
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_RV_LEAST = get_provsql_func_oid("least");
 
  /* rv_aggregate_semimod helper used by the RV-returning aggregate
   * rewrite (sum, avg, and any future aggregate whose result type is
   * random_variable).  The planner-hook routes on aggtype instead of a
   * per-aggregate OID, so no individual aggregate OID needs to be
   * cached here; an InvalidOid for this helper just leaves the rewrite
   * disabled on older schemas that lack the continuous-distribution
   * surface (1.0.0 baseline used by extension_upgrade). */
  /* Disambiguate by signature: rv_aggregate_semimod is now overloaded
   * (2-arg identity-0 wrap and 3-arg identity-parameterised wrap), so a
   * bare-name lookup could return either.  Pin the 2-arg overload used for
   * sum and the avg numerator. */
  {
    Oid semimod2[2] = { constants.OID_TYPE_UUID,
                        constants.OID_TYPE_RANDOM_VARIABLE };
    constants.OID_FUNCTION_RV_AGGREGATE_SEMIMOD =
      get_provsql_func_oid_args("rv_aggregate_semimod", 2, semimod2);
  }
 
  /* Per-aggregate identity dispatch for the RV-aggregate rewrite: the
   * 3-arg identity-parameterised wrap (product / max / min bake their
   * identity element into the mixture), the avg denominator indicator, the
   * RV division for avg's sum/sum rewrite, and the five RV-returning
   * aggregate OIDs the rewrite keys on.  The `constants' struct is not
   * zero-initialised, so every field is set unconditionally; the arg-typed
   * lookups reference the random_variable type and are skipped (left
   * InvalidOid) on a schema predating the continuous-distribution surface,
   * which disables only the identity/avg refinements. */
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_RV_AGGREGATE_SEMIMOD_ID = InvalidOid;
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_RV_AGGREGATE_INDICATOR = InvalidOid;
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_RV_AGGREGATE_INDICATOR_VALUED = InvalidOid;
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_RV_DIV = InvalidOid;
  constants.OID_AGG_SUM_RV = InvalidOid;
  constants.OID_AGG_PRODUCT_RV = InvalidOid;
  constants.OID_AGG_AVG_RV = InvalidOid;
  constants.OID_AGG_MAX_RV = InvalidOid;
  constants.OID_AGG_MIN_RV = InvalidOid;
  constants.OID_AGG_RV_SUM_OR_NULL = InvalidOid;
  constants.OID_AGG_COVAR_POP_RV = InvalidOid;
  constants.OID_AGG_COVAR_SAMP_RV = InvalidOid;
  constants.OID_AGG_CORR_RV = InvalidOid;
  constants.OID_AGG_STDDEV_POP_RV = InvalidOid;
  constants.OID_AGG_STDDEV_SAMP_RV = InvalidOid;
  constants.OID_AGG_PERCENTILE_CONT_RV = InvalidOid;
  constants.OID_AGG_RV_COVAR_POP_IMPL = InvalidOid;
  constants.OID_AGG_RV_COVAR_SAMP_IMPL = InvalidOid;
  constants.OID_AGG_RV_CORR_IMPL = InvalidOid;
  constants.OID_AGG_RV_STDDEV_POP_IMPL = InvalidOid;
  constants.OID_AGG_RV_STDDEV_SAMP_IMPL = InvalidOid;
  constants.OID_AGG_RV_PERCENTILE_IMPL = InvalidOid;
  if (OidIsValid(constants.OID_TYPE_RANDOM_VARIABLE)) {
    Oid rvarg[1] = { constants.OID_TYPE_RANDOM_VARIABLE };
    Oid rvarg2[2] = { constants.OID_TYPE_RANDOM_VARIABLE,
                      constants.OID_TYPE_RANDOM_VARIABLE };
    Oid rvarg3[3] = { constants.OID_TYPE_RANDOM_VARIABLE,
                      constants.OID_TYPE_RANDOM_VARIABLE,
                      constants.OID_TYPE_RANDOM_VARIABLE };
    Oid pctarg[2] = { FLOAT8OID, constants.OID_TYPE_RANDOM_VARIABLE };
    Oid pctimplarg[3] = { FLOAT8OID, constants.OID_TYPE_RANDOM_VARIABLE,
                          constants.OID_TYPE_RANDOM_VARIABLE };
    Oid semimod3[3] = { constants.OID_TYPE_UUID,
                        constants.OID_TYPE_RANDOM_VARIABLE, FLOAT8OID };
    constants.OID_FUNCTION_RV_AGGREGATE_SEMIMOD_ID =
      get_provsql_func_oid_args("rv_aggregate_semimod", 3, semimod3);
    {
      /* rv_aggregate_indicator is overloaded: resolve each signature
       * explicitly (the by-name lookup returns an arbitrary overload). */
      Oid indarg1[1] = { constants.OID_TYPE_UUID };
      Oid indarg2[2] = { constants.OID_TYPE_UUID,
                         constants.OID_TYPE_RANDOM_VARIABLE };
      constants.OID_FUNCTION_RV_AGGREGATE_INDICATOR =
        get_provsql_func_oid_args("rv_aggregate_indicator", 1, indarg1);
      constants.OID_FUNCTION_RV_AGGREGATE_INDICATOR_VALUED =
        get_provsql_func_oid_args("rv_aggregate_indicator", 2, indarg2);
    }
    constants.OID_FUNCTION_RV_DIV =
      get_provsql_func_oid("random_variable_div");
    constants.OID_AGG_SUM_RV     = get_provsql_func_oid_args("sum",     1, rvarg);
    constants.OID_AGG_PRODUCT_RV = get_provsql_func_oid_args("product", 1, rvarg);
    constants.OID_AGG_AVG_RV     = get_provsql_func_oid_args("avg",     1, rvarg);
    constants.OID_AGG_MAX_RV     = get_provsql_func_oid_args("max",     1, rvarg);
    constants.OID_AGG_MIN_RV     = get_provsql_func_oid_args("min",     1, rvarg);
    constants.OID_AGG_RV_SUM_OR_NULL =
      get_provsql_func_oid_args("rv_sum_or_null", 1, rvarg);
    /* SQL-standard statistic aggregates over RV rows (public forms) and
     * the indicator-carrying _impl rewrite targets.  Optional lookups:
     * absent on schemas predating them, which leaves the public forms
     * unrecognised so they run their own certain-row fold. */
    constants.OID_AGG_COVAR_POP_RV =
      get_provsql_func_oid_args("covar_pop", 2, rvarg2);
    constants.OID_AGG_COVAR_SAMP_RV =
      get_provsql_func_oid_args("covar_samp", 2, rvarg2);
    constants.OID_AGG_CORR_RV =
      get_provsql_func_oid_args("corr", 2, rvarg2);
    constants.OID_AGG_STDDEV_POP_RV =
      get_provsql_func_oid_args("stddev_pop", 1, rvarg);
    constants.OID_AGG_STDDEV_SAMP_RV =
      get_provsql_func_oid_args("stddev_samp", 1, rvarg);
    constants.OID_AGG_PERCENTILE_CONT_RV =
      get_provsql_func_oid_args("percentile_cont", 2, pctarg);
    constants.OID_AGG_RV_COVAR_POP_IMPL =
      get_provsql_func_oid_args("rv_covar_pop_impl", 3, rvarg3);
    constants.OID_AGG_RV_COVAR_SAMP_IMPL =
      get_provsql_func_oid_args("rv_covar_samp_impl", 3, rvarg3);
    constants.OID_AGG_RV_CORR_IMPL =
      get_provsql_func_oid_args("rv_corr_impl", 3, rvarg3);
    constants.OID_AGG_RV_STDDEV_POP_IMPL =
      get_provsql_func_oid_args("rv_stddev_pop_impl", 2, rvarg2);
    constants.OID_AGG_RV_STDDEV_SAMP_IMPL =
      get_provsql_func_oid_args("rv_stddev_samp_impl", 2, rvarg2);
    constants.OID_AGG_RV_PERCENTILE_IMPL =
      get_provsql_func_oid_args("rv_percentile_impl", 3, pctimplarg);
  }
 
  /* choose(anyelement): keeps the first non-NULL value of a group.  Used by
   * the scalar-subquery decorrelation to pick the single matched value.
   * Optional lookup (0 on schemas predating it). */
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_CHOOSE = get_provsql_func_oid("choose");
 
  /* array_collect(anynonarray): array_agg, but {} over no rows.  Optional
   * lookup (0 on schemas predating it, where array_agg is used instead). */
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_ARRAY_COLLECT = get_provsql_func_oid("array_collect");
 
  /* assume_boolean is installed by the 1.6.0 upgrade script.  Treat
   * its absence as a soft signal: on older schemas the safe-query
   * rewriter (gated behind the 'boolean' provenance class) refuses to
   * fire because it cannot mark the per-row root with a
   * gate_assumed for downstream semiring-compatibility
   * enforcement.  Optional lookup matches the pattern used above for
   * rv_aggregate_semimod. */
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_ASSUME_BOOLEAN =
    get_provsql_func_oid("assume_boolean");
 
  /* annotate(uuid,text) -- transparent annotation wrapper carrying the
   * inversion-free certificate / order keys.  Optional like the helpers
   * above: InvalidOid on an older schema simply disables the carrier. */
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_ANNOTATE =
    get_provsql_func_oid("annotate");
 
  /* inversion_free_key(text,text,int) -- builds the per-input order-key string
   * for the inversion-free path.  Optional: InvalidOid on an older schema
   * disables per-input markers (the path then declines and falls back). */
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_INVERSION_FREE_KEY =
    get_provsql_func_oid("inversion_free_key");
 
  /* cond(uuid,uuid) / given(uuid) -- the conditioning operator and its
   * whole-tuple output marker.  Optional: InvalidOid on a schema predating
   * the conditioning feature disables the given() rewrite. */
  /* Optional: absent from extension versions predating the structural
   * supersede, whose constants must still initialise. */
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_PROVENANCE_CMP_TIMES =
    get_provsql_func_oid("provenance_cmp_times");
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_COND  = get_provsql_func_oid("cond");
  /* given is overloaded: given(uuid) is the evidence carrier / whole-tuple
   * output marker; given(boolean) is the predicate placeholder the planner
   * rewrites (both the function form and the prefix "| (predicate)"). */
  {
    Oid uuid_arg[1] = { constants.OID_TYPE_UUID };
    constants.OID_FUNCTION_GIVEN = get_provsql_func_oid_args("given", 1, uuid_arg);
  }
 
  /* random_variable_cond(random_variable,uuid) and its Boolean-predicate
   * placeholder random_variable_cond_predicate(random_variable,boolean): the
   * planner rewrites "X | (predicate)" into the former over the gate built
   * from the latter's Boolean operand.  Optional (older schemas). */
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_RV_COND =
    get_provsql_func_oid("random_variable_cond");
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_AGG_COND =
    get_provsql_func_oid("agg_token_cond");
  /* The "X | (predicate)" placeholders, one per carrier (and the prefix
   * whole-tuple form).  The planner rewrites each into the matching
   * conditioning constructor over the gate built from the Boolean operand. */
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_COND_PREDICATE =
    get_provsql_func_oid("cond_predicate");
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_RV_COND_PREDICATE =
    get_provsql_func_oid("random_variable_cond_predicate");
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_AGG_COND_PREDICATE =
    get_provsql_func_oid("agg_token_cond_predicate");
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_PREDICATE_COND_PREDICATE =
    get_provsql_func_oid("predicate_cond_predicate");
  {
    Oid bool_arg[1] = { constants.OID_TYPE_BOOL };
    constants.OID_FUNCTION_GIVEN_PREDICATE =
      get_provsql_func_oid_args("given", 1, bool_arg);
  }
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_REGULAR_INDICATOR =
    get_provsql_func_oid("regular_indicator");
 
  /* probability(<predicate>) surface: the real probability_evaluate(uuid,
   * text, text) is the rewrite target; probability(boolean, text, text) is
   * the placeholder the planner lifts.  Disambiguated by argument type since
   * each name is overloaded.  Optional (InvalidOid on schemas predating the
   * boolean overload). */
  {
    Oid uuid_sig[3] = { constants.OID_TYPE_UUID, TEXTOID, TEXTOID };
    Oid bool_sig[3] = { BOOLOID, TEXTOID, TEXTOID };
    constants.OID_FUNCTION_PROBABILITY_EVALUATE =
      get_provsql_func_oid_args("probability_evaluate", 3, uuid_sig);
    constants.OID_FUNCTION_PROBABILITY_PREDICATE =
      get_provsql_func_oid_args("probability", 3, bool_sig);
  }
 
  /* rv_case(uuid[]) -> random_variable: builds a gate_case from the planner's
   * flattened guard/value wire list.  Optional (InvalidOid disables the
   * CASE-over-RV rewrite on schemas predating gate_case). */
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_RV_CASE = get_provsql_func_oid("rv_case");
 
  /* agg_case(uuid[]) -> agg_token: the aggregate-carrier analogue of rv_case.
   * Optional (InvalidOid disables the CASE-over-aggregate rewrite). */
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_AGG_CASE = get_provsql_func_oid("agg_case");
 
  /* random_variable_{eq,ne,le,lt,ge,gt} -- order matches the
   * ComparisonOperator enum in src/Aggregation.h (EQ=0, NE=1, LE=2,
   * LT=3, GE=4, GT=5). */
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_RV_CMP[0] = get_provsql_func_oid("random_variable_eq");
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_RV_CMP[1] = get_provsql_func_oid("random_variable_ne");
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_RV_CMP[2] = get_provsql_func_oid("random_variable_le");
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_RV_CMP[3] = get_provsql_func_oid("random_variable_lt");
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_RV_CMP[4] = get_provsql_func_oid("random_variable_ge");
  constants.OID_FUNCTION_RV_CMP[5] = get_provsql_func_oid("random_variable_gt");
 
  OperatorGet("<>", PG_CATALOG_NAMESPACE, constants.OID_TYPE_UUID, constants.OID_TYPE_UUID, &constants.OID_OPERATOR_NOT_EQUAL_UUID, &constants.OID_FUNCTION_NOT_EQUAL_UUID);
  CheckOid(OID_OPERATOR_NOT_EQUAL_UUID);
  CheckOid(OID_FUNCTION_NOT_EQUAL_UUID);
 
  /** @brief Look up the OID of provenance_gate enum value @p x and store it in constants. */
  #define GET_GATE_TYPE_OID(x) { \
            constants.GATE_TYPE_TO_OID[gate_ ## x] = get_enum_oid( \
              constants.OID_TYPE_GATE_TYPE, \
              #x); \
            if(constants.GATE_TYPE_TO_OID[gate_ ## x]==InvalidOid) \
            provsql_error("Could not initialize provsql gate type " #x); }
 
  /** @brief Like @c GET_GATE_TYPE_OID but tolerates a missing enum value.
   *
   * Used for gate types added in releases newer than the oldest schema
   * the @c extension_upgrade test exercises (currently 1.0.0).  An
   * intermediate state where a 1.0.0 database has been bound to a newer
   * shared library is possible (e.g. between @c CREATE @c EXTENSION
   * @c VERSION and @c ALTER @c EXTENSION @c UPDATE) and must not abort
   * @c get_constants -- the missing OID stays @c InvalidOid and any
   * attempt to actually create such a gate fails later in
   * @c create_gate's "Invalid gate type" branch.  When the upgrade
   * scripts catch up, the lookup succeeds and the gate becomes usable
   * normally.  No state for @c InvalidOid is stored, so the field
   * keeps its zero-init value (which is @c InvalidOid).
   */
  #define GET_GATE_TYPE_OID_OPTIONAL(x) { \
            constants.GATE_TYPE_TO_OID[gate_ ## x] = get_enum_oid( \
              constants.OID_TYPE_GATE_TYPE, \
              #x); }
 
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID(input);
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID(plus);
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID(times);
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID(monus);
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID(project);
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID(zero);
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID(one);
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID(eq);
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID(agg);
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID(semimod);
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID(cmp);
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID(delta);
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID(value);
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID(mulinput);
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID(update);
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID_OPTIONAL(rv);
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID_OPTIONAL(arith);
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID_OPTIONAL(mixture);
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID_OPTIONAL(assumed);
  /* The 'assumed' label was 'assumed_boolean' before 1.10.0; ALTER TYPE
   * ... RENAME VALUE keeps the enum value's OID, so accepting the
   * former label is equivalent -- and necessary when this cache is
   * built in a session that later runs the upgrade chain across the
   * rename (the extension-upgrade test does exactly that). */
  if(constants.GATE_TYPE_TO_OID[gate_assumed] == InvalidOid)
    constants.GATE_TYPE_TO_OID[gate_assumed] =
      get_enum_oid(constants.OID_TYPE_GATE_TYPE, "assumed_boolean");
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID_OPTIONAL(annotation);
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID_OPTIONAL(conditioned);
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID_OPTIONAL(mobius);
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID_OPTIONAL(case);
  GET_GATE_TYPE_OID_OPTIONAL(observe);
 
  constants.ok=true;
 
  return constants;
}
 
static database_constants_t *constants_cache; ///< Per-database OID constants cache (sorted by database OID)
static unsigned constants_cache_len=0;        ///< Number of valid entries in @c constants_cache
 
constants_t get_constants(bool failure_if_not_possible)
{
  int start=0, end=constants_cache_len-1;
  database_constants_t *constants_cache2;
  constants_t constants;
 
  while(end>=start) {
    unsigned mid=(start+end)/2;
    if(constants_cache[mid].database<MyDatabaseId)
      start=mid+1;
    else if(constants_cache[mid].database>MyDatabaseId)
      end=mid-1;
    else
      return constants_cache[mid].constants;
  }
 
  constants=initialize_constants(failure_if_not_possible);
 
  /* Only memoize successful lookups.  A failed lookup (ok==false) means
   * the provsql extension was not fully visible to this backend at this
   * point -- e.g. the connection's first planned query ran before
   * CREATE EXTENSION, or during a DROP/CREATE/ALTER EXTENSION ... UPDATE
   * window.  Caching that failure would permanently disable provenance
   * tracking on the backend: a long-lived pooled connection would never
   * recover, silently dropping the provsql column on every query until
   * reset_constants_cache() is called by hand.  Returning without
   * caching lets the next call retry until the extension is available. */
  if(!constants.ok)
    return constants;
 
  constants_cache2=calloc(constants_cache_len+1, sizeof(database_constants_t));
  for(unsigned i=0; i<start; ++i)
    constants_cache2[i]=constants_cache[i];
 
  constants_cache2[start].database=MyDatabaseId;
  constants_cache2[start].constants=constants;
 
  for(unsigned i=start; i<constants_cache_len; ++i)
    constants_cache2[i+1]=constants_cache[i];
  free(constants_cache);
  constants_cache=constants_cache2;
  ++constants_cache_len;
 
  return constants_cache[start].constants;
}
 
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Per-backend table-info cache
 *
 * Sorted array of @c table_info_cache_entry, binary-searched on @c relid.
 * Used by @c provsql_lookup_table_info to amortise IPC across repeated
 * lookups during query planning.  Entries are invalidated by
 * @c invalidate_table_info_cache_callback, which is hooked into
 * PostgreSQL's relcache invalidation channel and so reacts to local
 * DDL, cross-backend invalidations broadcast via
 * @c CacheInvalidateRelcacheByRelid, and explicit "invalidate all"
 * (relid == InvalidOid) events.
 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
typedef struct table_info_cache_entry {
  Oid           relid;                                          ///< pg_class OID (sort key)
  bool          valid;                                          ///< false => refresh on next access
  bool          present;                                        ///< when valid: was a record found at the worker?
  uint8         kind;                                           ///< when present: provsql_table_kind value
  uint16        block_key_n;                                    ///< when present: number of block-key columns
  AttrNumber    block_key[PROVSQL_TABLE_INFO_MAX_BLOCK_KEY];    ///< when present: block-key column numbers
} table_info_cache_entry;
 
static table_info_cache_entry *table_info_cache = NULL; ///< Sorted by @c relid
static unsigned table_info_cache_len = 0;
static bool table_info_callback_registered = false;
 
/** Find @p relid in the cache.  Returns the index on hit; otherwise
 *  @c -1 and writes the insertion point to @p *insert_at. */
static int table_info_cache_find(Oid relid, int *insert_at)
{
  int start = 0, end = (int)table_info_cache_len - 1;
  while(end >= start) {
    int mid = (start + end) / 2;
    if(table_info_cache[mid].relid < relid)
      start = mid + 1;
    else if(table_info_cache[mid].relid > relid)
      end = mid - 1;
    else
      return mid;
  }
  if(insert_at) *insert_at = start;
  return -1;
}
 
/** Insert a fresh entry at @p pos (which must be the value returned by
 *  the most recent @c table_info_cache_find that reported a miss). */
static void table_info_cache_insert(int pos, Oid relid, bool present,
                                    const ProvenanceTableInfo *info)
{
  table_info_cache_entry *new_buf = calloc(table_info_cache_len + 1,
                                           sizeof(table_info_cache_entry));
  for(int i = 0; i < pos; ++i)
    new_buf[i] = table_info_cache[i];
  new_buf[pos].relid       = relid;
  new_buf[pos].valid       = true;
  new_buf[pos].present     = present;
  if(present) {
    new_buf[pos].kind        = info->kind;
    new_buf[pos].block_key_n = info->block_key_n;
    memcpy(new_buf[pos].block_key, info->block_key,
           info->block_key_n * sizeof(AttrNumber));
  }
  for(unsigned i = (unsigned)pos; i < table_info_cache_len; ++i)
    new_buf[i + 1] = table_info_cache[i];
  free(table_info_cache);
  table_info_cache = new_buf;
  ++table_info_cache_len;
}
 
/** Relcache callback: PostgreSQL fires this whenever a relation's
 *  relcache entry is invalidated (locally or via shared invalidation
 *  from another backend).  @p relid == @c InvalidOid means
 *  "invalidate everything." */
static void invalidate_table_info_cache_callback(Datum arg, Oid relid)
{
  int pos;
  (void) arg;
  if(relid == InvalidOid) {
    for(unsigned i = 0; i < table_info_cache_len; ++i)
      table_info_cache[i].valid = false;
    return;
  }
  pos = table_info_cache_find(relid, NULL);
  if(pos >= 0)
    table_info_cache[pos].valid = false;
}
 
bool provsql_lookup_table_info(Oid relid, ProvenanceTableInfo *out)
{
  int insert_at = 0;
  int pos;
  ProvenanceTableInfo info;
  bool present;
 
  if(!table_info_callback_registered) {
    CacheRegisterRelcacheCallback(invalidate_table_info_cache_callback,
                                  (Datum) 0);
    table_info_callback_registered = true;
  }
 
  pos = table_info_cache_find(relid, &insert_at);
 
  if(pos >= 0 && table_info_cache[pos].valid) {
    table_info_cache_entry *e = &table_info_cache[pos];
    if(!e->present)
      return false;
    out->relid       = relid;
    out->kind        = e->kind;
    out->block_key_n = e->block_key_n;
    memcpy(out->block_key, e->block_key,
           e->block_key_n * sizeof(AttrNumber));
    return true;
  }
 
  present = provsql_fetch_table_info(relid, &info);
 
  if(pos >= 0) {
    /* Refresh an existing, now-stale slot in place. */
    table_info_cache_entry *e = &table_info_cache[pos];
    e->valid   = true;
    e->present = present;
    if(present) {
      e->kind        = info.kind;
      e->block_key_n = info.block_key_n;
      memcpy(e->block_key, info.block_key,
             info.block_key_n * sizeof(AttrNumber));
    }
  } else {
    table_info_cache_insert(insert_at, relid, present, &info);
  }
 
  if(present) {
    *out = info;
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}
 
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Per-backend ancestry cache
 *
 * Structurally identical to the table-info cache above but keyed on
 * just the ancestor half of the on-disk record.  The two halves share
 * the storage (one @c ProvenanceTableInfo per relation) but are
 * cached separately so a hot-path safe-query lookup that only needs
 * the kind doesn't pull the ancestor array, and vice versa.  The
 * relcache callback below reuses the channel of the kind cache so
 * any @c set_ancestors / @c add_provenance / @c repair_key DDL
 * broadcast invalidates both caches in lock-step.
 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
typedef struct ancestry_cache_entry {
  Oid    relid;                                       ///< pg_class OID (sort key)
  bool   valid;                                       ///< false => refresh on next access
  bool   present;                                     ///< when valid: did the worker return any ancestors?
  uint16 ancestor_n;                                  ///< when present: count
  Oid    ancestors[PROVSQL_TABLE_INFO_MAX_ANCESTORS]; ///< when present: ancestor OIDs
} ancestry_cache_entry;
 
static ancestry_cache_entry *ancestry_cache = NULL;
static unsigned ancestry_cache_len = 0;
static bool ancestry_callback_registered = false;
 
static int ancestry_cache_find(Oid relid, int *insert_at)
{
  int start = 0, end = (int)ancestry_cache_len - 1;
  while(end >= start) {
    int mid = (start + end) / 2;
    if(ancestry_cache[mid].relid < relid)
      start = mid + 1;
    else if(ancestry_cache[mid].relid > relid)
      end = mid - 1;
    else
      return mid;
  }
  if(insert_at) *insert_at = start;
  return -1;
}
 
static void ancestry_cache_insert(int pos, Oid relid, bool present,
                                  uint16 ancestor_n, const Oid *ancestors)
{
  ancestry_cache_entry *new_buf = calloc(ancestry_cache_len + 1,
                                         sizeof(ancestry_cache_entry));
  for(int i = 0; i < pos; ++i)
    new_buf[i] = ancestry_cache[i];
  new_buf[pos].relid      = relid;
  new_buf[pos].valid      = true;
  new_buf[pos].present    = present;
  if(present) {
    new_buf[pos].ancestor_n = ancestor_n;
    memcpy(new_buf[pos].ancestors, ancestors,
           ancestor_n * sizeof(Oid));
  }
  for(unsigned i = (unsigned)pos; i < ancestry_cache_len; ++i)
    new_buf[i + 1] = ancestry_cache[i];
  free(ancestry_cache);
  ancestry_cache = new_buf;
  ++ancestry_cache_len;
}
 
static void invalidate_ancestry_cache_callback(Datum arg, Oid relid)
{
  int pos;
  (void) arg;
  if(relid == InvalidOid) {
    for(unsigned i = 0; i < ancestry_cache_len; ++i)
      ancestry_cache[i].valid = false;
    return;
  }
  pos = ancestry_cache_find(relid, NULL);
  if(pos >= 0)
    ancestry_cache[pos].valid = false;
}
 
bool provsql_lookup_ancestry(Oid relid, uint16 *ancestor_n_out,
                             Oid *ancestors_out)
{
  int insert_at = 0;
  int pos;
  uint16 n = 0;
  Oid    ancestors[PROVSQL_TABLE_INFO_MAX_ANCESTORS];
  bool   present;
 
  if(!ancestry_callback_registered) {
    CacheRegisterRelcacheCallback(invalidate_ancestry_cache_callback,
                                  (Datum) 0);
    ancestry_callback_registered = true;
  }
 
  pos = ancestry_cache_find(relid, &insert_at);
 
  if(pos >= 0 && ancestry_cache[pos].valid) {
    ancestry_cache_entry *e = &ancestry_cache[pos];
    if(!e->present)
      return false;
    *ancestor_n_out = e->ancestor_n;
    memcpy(ancestors_out, e->ancestors,
           e->ancestor_n * sizeof(Oid));
    return true;
  }
 
  present = provsql_fetch_ancestry(relid, &n, ancestors);
 
  if(pos >= 0) {
    ancestry_cache_entry *e = &ancestry_cache[pos];
    e->valid   = true;
    e->present = present;
    if(present) {
      e->ancestor_n = n;
      memcpy(e->ancestors, ancestors, n * sizeof(Oid));
    }
  } else {
    ancestry_cache_insert(insert_at, relid, present, n, ancestors);
  }
 
  if(present) {
    *ancestor_n_out = n;
    memcpy(ancestors_out, ancestors, n * sizeof(Oid));
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}
 
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Per-backend relation-keys cache (§2 PK-FD support)
 *
 * Sibling of the @c table_info_cache above; structurally identical
 * (sorted-by-relid array, binary search, relcache-invalidated) but
 * keyed on @c pg_class OIDs of @em arbitrary relations -- not just
 * provenance-tracked ones -- because the §2 / §3 / §5 detector
 * passes also need to reason about PRIMARY KEY constraints on
 * deterministic dimension tables and self-joined relations.
 *
 * Each cached entry holds up to @c PROVSQL_KEY_CACHE_MAX_KEYS keys
 * (PRIMARY KEY plus NOT-NULL UNIQUE constraints from
 * @c pg_constraint, filtered by @c contype @c IN @c ('p','u')).
 * The relcache callback uses a separate static flag from the
 * table-info cache's, so a DROP CONSTRAINT / DROP TABLE invalidates
 * both caches independently.
 * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
typedef struct key_cache_entry {
  Oid                    relid;
  bool                   valid;
  bool                   has_keys;
  uint16                 key_n;
  ProvenanceRelationKey  keys[PROVSQL_KEY_CACHE_MAX_KEYS];
} key_cache_entry;
 
static key_cache_entry *key_cache = NULL;
static unsigned         key_cache_len = 0;
static bool             key_cache_callback_registered = false;
 
static int key_cache_find(Oid relid, int *insert_at)
{
  int start = 0, end = (int) key_cache_len - 1;
  while(end >= start) {
    int mid = (start + end) / 2;
    if(key_cache[mid].relid < relid)
      start = mid + 1;
    else if(key_cache[mid].relid > relid)
      end = mid - 1;
    else
      return mid;
  }
  if(insert_at) *insert_at = start;
  return -1;
}
 
static void key_cache_insert(int pos, Oid relid,
                             const ProvenanceRelationKeys *keys)
{
  key_cache_entry *new_buf = calloc(key_cache_len + 1,
                                    sizeof(key_cache_entry));
  for(int i = 0; i < pos; ++i)
    new_buf[i] = key_cache[i];
  new_buf[pos].relid    = relid;
  new_buf[pos].valid    = true;
  new_buf[pos].has_keys = keys->key_n > 0;
  new_buf[pos].key_n    = keys->key_n;
  if(keys->key_n > 0)
    memcpy(new_buf[pos].keys, keys->keys,
           keys->key_n * sizeof(ProvenanceRelationKey));
  for(unsigned i = (unsigned)pos; i < key_cache_len; ++i)
    new_buf[i + 1] = key_cache[i];
  free(key_cache);
  key_cache = new_buf;
  ++key_cache_len;
}
 
static void invalidate_key_cache_callback(Datum arg, Oid relid)
{
  int pos;
  (void) arg;
  if(relid == InvalidOid) {
    for(unsigned i = 0; i < key_cache_len; ++i)
      key_cache[i].valid = false;
    return;
  }
  pos = key_cache_find(relid, NULL);
  if(pos >= 0)
    key_cache[pos].valid = false;
}
 
/**
 * @brief Read the PRIMARY-KEY and NOT-NULL-UNIQUE keys of @p relid
 *        from the system catalogs.
 *
 * Scans @c pg_constraint for entries with @c conrelid @c = @p relid
 * and @c contype @c IN @c ('p','u'), then resolves each constraint's
 * column list via @c pg_index.indkey (the constraint's index is
 * recorded in @c pg_constraint.conindid).  For UNIQUE constraints,
 * verifies every constituent column has @c pg_attribute.attnotnull
 * @c = @c true; UNIQUE-with-NULLABLE constraints are rejected
 * (UNIQUE allows multiple rows with NULL in PostgreSQL, so the
 * @c ∅ @c → @c attr FD does not hold without NOT NULL).
 *
 * Stores up to @c PROVSQL_KEY_CACHE_MAX_KEYS keys; subsequent keys
 * are silently dropped.  Skips constraints whose column count
 * exceeds @c PROVSQL_KEY_CACHE_MAX_KEY_COLS.  Both elisions are
 * conservatively safe (the §2 detector simply does not see the
 * dropped FDs).
 */
static bool fetch_relation_keys(Oid relid, ProvenanceRelationKeys *out)
{
  Relation     conrel;
  SysScanDesc  scan;
  ScanKeyData  skey;
  HeapTuple    htup;
 
  out->relid = relid;
  out->key_n = 0;
 
  conrel = table_open(ConstraintRelationId, AccessShareLock);
  ScanKeyInit(&skey,
              Anum_pg_constraint_conrelid,
              BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
              ObjectIdGetDatum(relid));
  scan = systable_beginscan(conrel,
                            ConstraintRelidTypidNameIndexId,
                            true, NULL, 1, &skey);
 
  while(HeapTupleIsValid(htup = systable_getnext(scan))) {
    Form_pg_constraint con = (Form_pg_constraint) GETSTRUCT(htup);
    HeapTuple   idxtup;
    Form_pg_index idx;
    Oid         indexrelid;
    int         k;
    ProvenanceRelationKey *key;
    bool        ok_not_null = true;
 
    if(con->contype != CONSTRAINT_PRIMARY && con->contype != CONSTRAINT_UNIQUE)
      continue;
    if(out->key_n >= PROVSQL_KEY_CACHE_MAX_KEYS)
      break;
 
    indexrelid = con->conindid;
    if(!OidIsValid(indexrelid))
      continue;
    idxtup = SearchSysCache1(INDEXRELID, ObjectIdGetDatum(indexrelid));
    if(!HeapTupleIsValid(idxtup))
      continue;
    idx = (Form_pg_index) GETSTRUCT(idxtup);
 
    if(idx->indnatts <= 0 || idx->indnatts > PROVSQL_KEY_CACHE_MAX_KEY_COLS) {
      ReleaseSysCache(idxtup);
      continue;
    }
 
    key = &out->keys[out->key_n];
    key->col_n = (uint16) idx->indnatts;
    for(k = 0; k < idx->indnatts; ++k) {
      AttrNumber attno = idx->indkey.values[k];
      key->cols[k] = attno;
 
      if(con->contype == CONSTRAINT_UNIQUE) {
        HeapTuple atttup =
          SearchSysCache2(ATTNUM,
                          ObjectIdGetDatum(relid),
                          Int16GetDatum(attno));
        if(!HeapTupleIsValid(atttup)) {
          ok_not_null = false;
          break;
        } else {
          Form_pg_attribute attform = (Form_pg_attribute) GETSTRUCT(atttup);
          if(!attform->attnotnull)
            ok_not_null = false;
          ReleaseSysCache(atttup);
          if(!ok_not_null)
            break;
        }
      }
    }
    ReleaseSysCache(idxtup);
 
    if(!ok_not_null)
      continue;                       /* nullable UNIQUE -- skip */
 
    ++out->key_n;
  }
 
  systable_endscan(scan);
  table_close(conrel, AccessShareLock);
 
  return out->key_n > 0;
}
 
bool provsql_lookup_relation_keys(Oid relid, ProvenanceRelationKeys *out)
{
  int insert_at = 0;
  int pos;
  ProvenanceRelationKeys fresh;
  bool has_keys;
 
  if(!key_cache_callback_registered) {
    CacheRegisterRelcacheCallback(invalidate_key_cache_callback, (Datum) 0);
    key_cache_callback_registered = true;
  }
 
  pos = key_cache_find(relid, &insert_at);
  if(pos >= 0 && key_cache[pos].valid) {
    key_cache_entry *e = &key_cache[pos];
    out->relid = relid;
    out->key_n = e->key_n;
    if(e->key_n > 0)
      memcpy(out->keys, e->keys, e->key_n * sizeof(ProvenanceRelationKey));
    return e->has_keys;
  }
 
  has_keys = fetch_relation_keys(relid, &fresh);
 
  if(pos >= 0) {
    key_cache_entry *e = &key_cache[pos];
    e->valid    = true;
    e->has_keys = has_keys;
    e->key_n    = fresh.key_n;
    if(fresh.key_n > 0)
      memcpy(e->keys, fresh.keys, fresh.key_n * sizeof(ProvenanceRelationKey));
  } else {
    key_cache_insert(insert_at, relid, &fresh);
  }
 
  *out = fresh;
  return has_keys;
}
 
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(reset_constants_cache);
/**
 * @brief SQL function to invalidate the OID constants cache.
 *
 * Forces a fresh OID lookup for the current database on the next call to
 * @c get_constants().  Must be called after @c ALTER EXTENSION provsql
 * UPDATE to ensure cached OIDs are refreshed.
 * @return Void datum.
 */
Datum reset_constants_cache(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
  int start=0, end=constants_cache_len-1;
 
  while(end>=start) {
    unsigned mid=(start+end)/2;
    if(constants_cache[mid].database<MyDatabaseId)
      start=mid+1;
    else if(constants_cache[mid].database>MyDatabaseId)
      end=mid-1;
    else {
      constants_cache[mid].constants = initialize_constants(true);
      break;
    }
  }
 
  PG_RETURN_VOID();
}